A test with poor sensitivity/specificity that may detect the source of bleeding is the tagged red blood cell scan. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding sources usually present with hematochezia or frank blood. In cases where the source of the bleed is unclear, but melena is present, an upper endoscopy is recommended, to try to ascertain the source of the bleed. Often, the first approach is to use endoscopy to look for obvious signs of a bleed. However, aside from the melena itself, many patients may present with few symptoms. In acute cases, with a large amount of blood loss, patients may present with anemia or low blood pressure. Ī less serious, self-limiting case of melena can occur in newborns two to three days after delivery, due to swallowed maternal blood. Urgent care is required to rule out serious causes and prevent potentially life-threatening emergencies. Melena is considered a medical emergency as it arises from a significant amount of bleeding. Ĭauses of "false" melena include iron supplements, Pepto-Bismol, Maalox, and lead, blood swallowed as a result of a nose bleed ( epistaxis), and blood ingested as part of the diet, as with consumption of black pudding (blood sausage), or with the traditional African Maasai diet, which includes much blood drained from cattle. Ĭauses of upper gastrointestinal bleeding that may result in melena include malignant tumors affecting the esophagus, stomach or small intestine, hemorrhagic blood diseases, such as thrombocytopenia and hemophilia, gastritis, stomach cancer, esophageal varices, Meckel's diverticulum and Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Melena may also be a complication of anticoagulant medications, such as warfarin. However, any bleeding within the upper gastrointestinal tract or the ascending colon can lead to melena. The most common cause of melena is peptic ulcer disease. Iron supplements may cause a grayish-black stool that should be distinguished from melena, as should black coloration caused by a number of medications, such as bismuth subsalicylate (the active ingredient in Pepto-Bismol), or by foods such as beetroot, black liquorice, or blueberries. The black color and characteristic strong odor are caused by hemoglobin in the blood being altered by digestive enzymes and intestinal bacteria. Melena or melaena refers to the dark black, tarry feces that are associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |